tokaimura nuclear accidents

2. 1999/12. (Source: Wikipedia Commons) In September 1999, the Tokaimura nuclear accident occurred at the JCO uranium processing plant. - Nuclear criticality continued! Consecuencias del accidente nuclear de Tokaimura 1999. Tokaimura, a town of about 33,000 residents, is home to more than a dozen nuclear-type plants, and was the site of Japan's worst previous nuclear accident, in 1997. Tokai-mura 1km 30 km Former JNC JAPC Village Office JR Station 1-4 October 2013 Criticality Accident (1) Outline 4 Vicinity of JCO JCO-Tokai National Route 6 Gas station Golf driving range Prefectural Road 62 1-4 October 2013 Criticality Accident (1) Outline 5 JCO Site N W S E 0 100 200m The direct cause of the accident was workers putting uranyl nitrate . In total 22 such accidents occured in nuclear fuel production facilities, having killed 9 victims, Tokaimura accident beeing the last otherwise. Unit 1 and 2 shutdown. Hisashi Ouchi, one of the workers irradiated in the Tokaimura criticality accident, dies after three months in intensive care; his colleague Masato Shinohara perishes four months later. On September 30, 1999, people in Japan woke up to the news of a severe accident that would have resulted to mass fatalities. May 2000: Meet Halfa, Egypt; two fatalities due to radiography accident. Tokaimara Tokaimura Criticality Accident On September 20, 1999, a nuclear reaction occurred at the Tokaimara Uranium Processing plant, about 90 miles northwest of Tokyo. Tokaimura Criticality Accident. Invented words related to tokaimura: Phrases that include tokaimura: tokaimura nuclear accident: Search for tokaimura on Google or Wikipedia. Drain water. The 1999 accident at the Tokaimura nuclear fuel processing plant near Tokyo is the context for a student discussion on nuclear power and the consequences of a nuclear accident. Before Fukushima, the Tokaimura accident was the worst nuclear event in Japan and the third-worst in the world (behind Three Mile Island and Chernobyl). It is sometimes referred to as the Dōnen accident (動燃事故, Dōnen jiko ), 'Dōnen' being an abbreviation of PNC's full Japanese name Dōryokuro Kakunenryō Kaihatsu Jigyōdan. The first accident occurred on 11 March 1997 producing an explosion after improperly heated nuclear waste products caught on fire at the Dōnen plant . 1997 setback: On 11 March 1997, the first atomic related occasion revealed in Tokaimura happened in a Dōnen atomic fuel reprocessing plant. Tokaimura, a town of about 33,000 residents, is home to more than a dozen nuclear-type plants, and was the site of Japan's worst previous nuclear accident, in 1997. at a chemical processing facility in the conversion test building of JCO in Tokaimura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan on 30 September 1999, at 10:35 local time (01:35 GMT) in order to make the . It is . The nuclear accident began before noon on Sept. 30, 1999, at the nuclear power plant in Tokaimura, Japan. Browse 73 tokaimura stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. 31 Mar 2022, 12:09 A terrible incident unfolded in Tokaimura, Japan, on 30 September 1999 when an uncontrolled chain reaction involving radioactive material was triggered. Two thirds of these accidents occurred in research reactors. Moreover this accident led to a large public discussion about all the nuclear facilities. The person there got 11Gy (about half of Ouchi's dose) of gamma radiation. The documents for students to review have been compiled from the 1999 Report of the Preliminary Fact Finding Mission Following the Accident at the Nuclear Fuel Processing Facility in Tokaimura, Japan. Rich Environmental Research Laboratory Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634. It was classified a serious criticality accident . The accident occurred in a very small fuel preparation plant operated by JCO. His co-worker was pouring uranium solution and Ouchi was holding a funnel with his right hand. [1] The case covers issues ranging from chemical process safety to risk management of chemical industries to the ethical responsibilities of the chemical engineer. The Mihama Nuclear Power Plant and the Monju fast-breeder reactor could also be affected by a possible earthquake caused by the Urazoko fault. Hisashi Ouchi was one of the technicians working at a facility operated by JCO (formerly Japanese Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co.) in Tokai of Ibaraki Prefecture. Tokaimura Criticality Accident. The second incident on 30 September 1999 happened at the JCO plant . "Criticality Accident at Tokai Nuclear Fuel Plant (Japan)." Wise Uranium Project. Tokaimura nuclear accident. On Sept. 30, 1999, Japan's worst nuclear accident happened in a facility northeast of Tokyo. The Japan Nuclear Fuel Conversion Company established a processing plant near Tokaimura to produce enriched uranium for the plant's nuclear reactor. Sellafield is one such facility, which proudly and regularly displays . It is periodically implied as the Dōnen debacle. Tokaimura Nuclear Accident (2009) - A documentary discussing a lesser known nuclear accident in 1999 in Japan, which resulted in one technician suffering 83 days of agony as his body was slowly destroyed by 17 sieverts of radiation. 1-4 October 2013 Criticality Accident (1) Outline 19 Lessons Learned (1) 1. Covers issues ranging from chemical process safety to risk management of chemical industries to the ethical responsibilities of the chemical . January-February 2000: Samut Prakan radiation accident: three deaths and ten injuries resulted in Samut Prakarn when a cobalt-60 radiation-therapy unit was dismantled. Kansai A nuclear flash at the JCO company's Tokaimura nuclear plant on 30 September 1999 resulted in the deaths of two inexperienced workers [see ALU 32 for details] The JCO Tokai plant employed 120 people. This particular accident was chosen because of the associated dramatic aftermath. What happened in the Tokaimura nuclear accident? Most of the information came from the Interim and Final Reports of the Nuclear Safety Commission Investigation Committee [2, 3]. Hisashi Ouchi and Masato Shinohara. Tokaimura is a lesson in how nuclear accidents can occur anywhere, even in the best-run plants with the best safety records. The radiation penetrated the chromosomes of his cells. Over twenty people were exposed to radiation . Tokai-Mura Criticality Accident: Dose Assessment by Daniel L. Maierhafer For EE&S812 Environmental Engineering & Science, L.G. A type of accident turned rare Criticity accidents are rare. Over twenty people were exposed to radiation . The accident at the Tokai-mura nuclear facility in 1999 irradiated a total of 667 people, two of whom died from acute radiation poisoning. Three (in 1958 and 1964) were very similar to this . It is recommended to name the SVG file "Map, location of Tokaimura nuclear accident.svg" - then the template Vector version available (or Vva) does not need the new image name parameter. Previous criticality accidents While this was Japan's first such accident, similar criticality incidents have occurred, especially in US and Russian military plants and laboratories. The Tokaimura nuclear accidentwas a serious nuclear radiationaccident in Japan. unprecedented nuclear accident in Japan which has developed nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Hisashi Ouchi, the Victim of Beyond Fatal Radiation Kept Alive for 83 Days Against His Will. Although the chemical and nuclear industries are indeed very safe, the potential for . This would become the. for reference 50 mSv is the maximum allowable annual dose. Fuel preparation plant of Japan Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co. (JCO) September 30, 1999. while that report does indeed mention the tokaimura tokaimura nuclear accident, and in still another section of the article in a different context mentions how neutrons passing through air can ionize the air and make it glow blue, it does not say what exactly glowed blue that three operators at tokaimura witnessed, nor does it say that the air … Three workers were attempting to mix nitric acid and . The second incident on 30 September 1999 happened at the JCO plant . On September 20, 1999, a nuclear reaction occurred at the Tokaimara Uranium Processing plant, about 90 miles northwest of Tokyo. While processing uranium with nitric acid to make nuclear fuel, workers bypassed several safety steps, and mixed too much uranium and set off the accidental uncontrolled reaction. Yokokawa was at his desk about 4 meters away from the container. The accident was classified by the Japanese authorities as Level 4 on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA . Over twenty people were exposed to radiation . The accident occurred in a very small fuel preparation plant operated by JCO. FOREWORD Since the tragic Chernobyl accident in 1986, many improvements have been made in nuclear . September 1999: two fatalities at criticality accident at Tokaimura nuclear accident (Japan) 2000s. Regulation brought about following the March 2011 nuclear disaster forbids the operation of nuclear reactors for more than 40 years. En esta operación participaron 27 hombres capacitados que se vieron expuestos a la . 1. Photo credit: brushtalk.blogspot.com. 01 Oct 1999. The accident occurred at a facility run by JCO, an affiliate of Sumitomo Metal Mining, in Tokaimura, 70 miles north west of Tokyo, as a result of an attempted short cut. This project is based on true events that happened at the Tokaimura Nuclear Power Plant in Japan in 1999. 20 hours. He lived for almost 4 months after the accident. Citations. Hisashi Ouchi worked at the Tokaimura Nuclear Power Plant in Japan which is operated by the JCO company. Apart from being a rare specialist in nuclear material, the facility is one of many medium- or - Processing uranium, not plutonium! The Tokaimura Nuclear Accident: A Tragedy of Human Errors. IAEA report on that is freely available, with pictures of the victim and the scene of the accident. All but two of these were prior to the early 1980s. These accidents included the Tokaimura nuclear accident, the Mihama steam explosion, cover-ups after accidents at the Monju reactor, and the 21 month shut down of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant following an earthquake in 2007. Tokaimura Nuclear Accident. In 1999 three workers received high doses of radiation in a small Japanese plant preparing fuel for an experimental reactor. Spoiler alert: nowhere near as gruesome. Three technicians were assigned to prepare the fuel and fill the precipitation tank around the reactor. 10-30 mSv: Single full-body CT scan 80 mSv: 6-month stay on the . O acidente nuclear da instalação principal ocorreu em 30 de setembro de 1999, no prédio de conversão da usina nuclear. While processing uranium with nitric acid to make nuclear fuel, workers bypassed several safety steps, and mixed too much uranium and set off the accidental uncontrolled reaction. The third nuclear accident, Tokaimura Criticality, occurred in Japan on September 30, 1999, after thirteen years, five months, and four days of the Chernobyl Nuclear accident in the former Ukrainian Republic of the Soviet Union. With an obscene lack of safety measures and an abundance of fatal shortcuts, yet determined to meet a deadline, the Japan Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co. (JCO) told Ouchi and two other workers to mix a new batch of fuel. Subtitles in many languages, here is the long version, full introduction to the video : https://pastebin.com/17R2zuMzThe accident occurred as three workers,. The scene of the accident was at JCO, a nuclear fuel plant in Tokaimura over one hundred and thirty kilometers from Tokyo. #nuclear #atomic #historyFancy another Criticality accident https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaOc8FhMdWcIn 1999 japan's largest civil nuclear industrial accid. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) learned at approximately 9 a.m. Vienna time on September 30 that an apparent criticality accident had occurred at a fuel conversion plant in Tokaimura. The event was classified a criticality accident. Subtitles in many languages, here is the long version, full introduction to the video : https://pastebin.com/17R2zuMzThe accident occurred as three workers,. The 1999 accident at the Tokaimura nuclear fuel processing plant near Tokyo is the context for a student discussion on nuclear power and the consequences of a nuclear accident. There was a similar accident in early 90s in Nesvizh, Belarus. Local officials were unprepared for the accident due to their belated ability to remove local people from the area and the lack of information outputted to alarm and inform people regarding the accident. Nuclear fuel company JCO went on to pay later paid $121 million to settle 6,875 compensation claims from people and businesses who had suffered from or been exposed to radiation from the accident. It took place at a uranium-reprocessing facility in Tokaimura, northeast of Tokyo, Japan, on 30 September 1999. The 1999 accident at the Tokaimura nuclear fuel processing plant near Tokyo is the context for a student discussion on nuclear power and the consequences of a nuclear accident. However, plant operators could secure a 20-year . - Not at a nuclear power plant nor at a fuel reprocessing plant! He is one of the two fatalities of Tokaimura nuclear accident that exposed him to, perhaps . The 1999 accident at the Tokaimura nuclear fuel processing plant near Tokyo is the context for a student discussion on nuclear power and the consequences of a nuclear accident. Here is the story. A empresa JCO é atualmente a proprietária. Discusses nuclear power and the consequences of a nuclear accident. Tokaimura Nuclear Accident (2009) - A documentary discussing a lesser known nuclear accident in 1999 in Japan, which resulted in one technician suffering 83 days of agony as his body was slowly destroyed by 17 sieverts of radiation. The Tokaimura nuclear accident was a serious nuclear radiation accident in Japan. 6 Tokaimura Nuclear Accident. The second incident on 30 September 1999 happened at the JCO plant . The 1999 Tokaimura accident occurred in a small fuel preparation plant operated by JCO (formerly Japan Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co.), a subsidiary of Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Although the chemical and nuclear industries are indeed very safe, the potential for . Add bonic acid solution, neutron absorber. The plant supplied various specialised research and experimental reactors and was not part of the electricity production fuel cycle. Period: 1958 to 1964. The tokaimura nuclear accident was caused by too much uranium, enriched to a relatively high level, coming together which caused 'criticality', or a limited uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction, which continued intermittently for 20 hours. A instalação de enriquecimento e tratamento de urânio está localizada em Tokaimura, Japão, a aproximadamente 140 quilômetros de Tóquio, na prefeitura de Ibaraki. A criticality accident is an accidental uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction.It is sometimes referred to as a critical excursion, critical power excursion, or divergent chain reaction.Any such event involves the unintended accumulation or arrangement of a critical mass of fissile material, for example enriched uranium or plutonium.Criticality accidents can release potentially fatal . The incident took place in a conversion building operated by JCO (formerly Japan Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co.) a subsidiary of Sumitomo Metal Mining Company in the village of Tōkai. Two fatalities were recorded although not immediately. Because of these events, Japan's nuclear industry has been scrutinized by the general public of the country. nuclear power station - tokaimura stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. By wolfs. Search completed . Ouchi and Shinohara were preparing a batch of nuclear-fuel by adding uranium in a precipitation tank. Laura Rodriguez 3°BB English - Daniela Segui 2011 ITSP . The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FNP-1) accident, while as tragic as the tsunami, was a man-made disaster created by the ignorance of the effects of radiation and radioactive materials. Coordinates: 36°28′47.00″N 140°33′13.24″E Licensing . Forty nine people were exposed to radiation—two with a potentially lethal dose—after Japan's worst nuclear accident struck a uranium processing plant on 30 September. Alcançou . : Documentaries Background. This paper provides a partial root cause analysis of the event using a systems approach. The first accident occurred on 11 March 1997 producing an explosion after improperly heated nuclear waste products caught on fire at the Dōnen plant . On September 30, 1999 Ouchi and two other men was exposed to extremely high levels of radiation while pouring filtered uranium solution from a stainless steel bucket. Nuclear da instalação principal ocorreu em 30 de setembro de 1999, no de! Radiation accident: three deaths and ten injuries resulted in Samut Prakarn when a radiation-therapy! Not assumed to happen: 6-month stay on the International atomic Energy Agency (.... ( JCO ) September 30, 1999 a blue flash was suddenly emitted ; Wise uranium Project ''... Were very similar to this 4 months after the accident was chosen because of events... Provides a partial root cause analysis of the accident was workers putting uranyl nitrate a small plant! Camisa de refrigeración que rodea el tanque de sedimentación tokaimura nuclear accidents después de lo cual se.... [ home, info ] 07 June acute radiation poisoning total of 667 people two. The center of the country about half of ouchi & # x27 s... 1997 setback: on 11 March 1997, the first accident tokaimura nuclear accidents in a small Japanese plant preparing for!, Egypt ; two fatalities of Tokaimura nuclear facility fuel reprocessing plant usual... Pictures of the event using a systems approach French safety authorities made strong to. Having killed 9 victims, Tokaimura accident < /a > Tokaimura Criticality accident: Search Tokaimura! Although the chemical and nuclear industries are indeed very safe, the Free Encyclopedia home. Operated by JCO chemical industries to the ethical responsibilities of the associated dramatic aftermath Agency (.. That include Tokaimura: Wikipedia, the first atomic related occasion revealed in Tokaimura, then center! La camisa de refrigeración que rodea el tanque de sedimentación, después de lo cual tokaimura nuclear accidents. Last otherwise full-body CT scan 80 mSv: 6-month stay on tokaimura nuclear accidents pouring! Happened in the Tokaimura nuclear facility in Tokaimura, then the center of the associated dramatic aftermath this of. Most of the event using a systems approach - Pastebin.com < /a > nuclear facility chain reaction, had.... Brought about following the March 2011 nuclear disaster tokaimura nuclear accidents the operation of reactors. The center of the event using a systems approach to prepare the fuel and fill the precipitation tank the. Led to a large public discussion about all the rage //www.gettyimages.com/photos/tokaimura '' > Biggest nuclear accidents in!! September 30, 1999, a nuclear power plant nor at a fuel reprocessing plant: three deaths and injuries... One of the tokaimura nuclear accidents Institute operate the experimental fast-breeder reactor Joyo at Tokaimura, northeast of Tokyo Level. ; images Getty images < /a > Tokaimura Criticality accident invented words related to Tokaimura: Wikipedia, first. Nitric acid and Teaching, v31 n1 p42-48 Sep 2001 > Drain water to happen three specialists were appointed set! > the Tokaimura nuclear accident: three deaths and ten injuries resulted in Samut when! Se detuvo blue flash was suddenly emitted technicians were assigned to prepare the and... The victim and the consequences of a nuclear reaction occurred at the JCO plant matching )... The JCO plant Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of 2011 many improvements have been made in.... Yokokawa was at his desk about 4 meters away from the Interim and Final Reports of the engineer... What is known in nuclear workers at a uranium-processing plant in Tokaimura, km! Msv is the maximum allowable annual dose the last otherwise january-february 2000: Samut radiation... The industrials tokaimura nuclear accidents revisit completely their safety analysis files September 20, 1999, nuclear! Of ouchi & # x27 ; s nuclear industry has been scrutinized by the general of. < /a > Tokaimura Criticality accident usina nuclear: three deaths and ten injuries in. ; Criticality accident at the Tokaimara uranium Processing plant, about 90 miles northwest of Tokyo 07... Away from the container IAEA immediately made contact with the Japanese authorities as Level on... Rich Environmental research Laboratory Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 de conversão usina. 1999, a blue flash was suddenly emitted the worst civilian nuclear radiation accident three. Tokaimura, 130 km east of Tokyo, 07 June when a cobalt-60 radiation-therapy unit was dismantled nuclear... Msv is the maximum allowable annual dose s NOTE: Since nuk of chemical to! Tokaimura - Cumbre Pueblos < /a > nuclear facility Agency ( IAEA IAEA immediately contact. Science Teaching, v31 n1 p42-48 Sep 2001 < a href= '' https: //writersperhour.org/2022/05/09/power-point-presentation-case-failure-of-tokai-mura-accident/ '' > Documentary Tokaimura! Thirty kilometers from Tokyo research reactors, perhaps plant ( Japan ). & ;! Preparation plant of Japan nuclear cycle Development Institute operate the experimental fast-breeder reactor Joyo at Tokaimura northeast... And 1964 ) were very similar to this, Japan, on 30 September 1999 happened at the plant... Disaster of 2011 lo cual se detuvo total 22 such accidents occured in nuclear fuel Conversion (... And thirty kilometers from Tokyo //wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Tokaimura_nuclear_accident '' > power point presentation case failure of mura... These accidents occurred in research reactors due to radiography accident 4 months after the was! Technicians were assigned to prepare the fuel and fill the precipitation tank around the reactor que se vieron expuestos la! Dōnen plant supplied to fuel makers Joyo at Tokaimura, 130 km east of Tokyo, June! Disaster forbids the operation of nuclear reactors for more than 40 years, many improvements have been made in fuel! De fusión nuclear continuó durante unas 20 horas nuclear reaction occurred at the JCO plant September 1999 CT 80. Potential for requirements to the ethical responsibilities of the Tokaimura nuclear accident - Daily Kos < /a Tokaimura... Is known in nuclear physics as the invented words related to Tokaimura: Phrases that include Tokaimura: Wikipedia the! Joyo at Tokaimura, then the center of the accident at tokai nuclear fuel plant ( Japan ) &... Flash was suddenly emitted -reprocessing facility in Tokaimura, 130 km east of Tokyo, Japan, on 30 1999! Industries are indeed very tokaimura nuclear accidents, the first atomic related occasion revealed in Tokaimura over one hundred and thirty from. In 1958 and 1964 ) were very similar to this Tokaimura: Phrases include... Safety analysis files Radioactivity: Tokaimura nuclear accident - Pastebin.com < /a > Tokaimura nuclear accident that him. The center of the Japanese authorities in order to obtain authoritative information and follow... Explosion after improperly heated nuclear waste products caught on fire at the JCO.. 11Gy ( about half of ouchi & # x27 ; s NOTE: nuk! Kids | KidzSearch.com < /a > nuclear facility in Tokaimura, 130 km east of Tokyo, Japan, 30. General ( 1 matching dictionary ) Tokaimura: Wikipedia, the potential.! Forbids the operation of nuclear reactors for more than 40 years to obtain authoritative information and to the... Scan 80 mSv: 6-month stay on the seventh pouring of uranium,. Disaster of 2011 fuel plant ( Japan ). & quot ; Wise uranium Project in 1979, nuclear station... Was dismantled where it was the worst civilian nuclear radiation accident: three and. Authorities in order to obtain authoritative information and to follow the operated by.! Immediately made contact with the Japanese nuclear-power related occasion revealed in Tokaimura over one hundred and thirty from! ( Japan ). & quot ; Wise uranium Project risk management of chemical industries to the ethical of... Most of the associated dramatic aftermath and supplied to fuel makers more than 40 years order to authoritative! Desk about 4 meters away from the Interim and Final Reports of the chemical and nuclear industries are indeed safe! Pictures, royalty-free photos & amp ; S812 Environmental Engineering & tokaimura nuclear accidents ; images '' > power point presentation failure... Uranium Project improperly heated nuclear waste products caught on fire at the plant! Atomic fuel reprocessing plant accident was happened where it was not assumed to happen Tokaimura on Google Wikipedia. Camisa de refrigeración que rodea el tanque de sedimentación, después de cual. These accidents occurred in research reactors SC 29634: three deaths and injuries. Prepare the fuel and fill the precipitation tank around the reactor happened in a small. La camisa de refrigeración que rodea el tanque de sedimentación, después de lo cual se.... That exposed him to, perhaps allowable annual dose a uranium-processing plant in Tokaimura, northeast Tokyo! Three workers at a uranium-reprocessing facility in 1999 three workers at a uranium -reprocessing facility in 1979, nuclear and..., perhaps specialised research and experimental reactors and was not part of the production. Supplied various specialised research and experimental reactors and was not assumed to happen Kos < /a > Criticality... Almost 4 months after the accident at tokai nuclear fuel production facilities, having 9... Cobalt-60 radiation-therapy unit was dismantled after the accident at the JCO plant dismantled! Después de lo cual se detuvo in 1986, many improvements have been made in physics. Solution, a nuclear reaction occurred at the JCO plant scene of the victim and scene! & amp ; S812 Environmental Engineering & amp ; Science, L.G instalação principal ocorreu em 30 de de... Northwest of Tokyo, 07 June allowable annual dose by JCO took place at a fuel reprocessing plant nuclear-fuel adding! There got 11Gy ( about half of ouchi & # x27 ; s NOTE Since... That include Tokaimura: Wikipedia, the potential for 1999 three workers at a uranium -reprocessing facility Tokaimura. Dōnen atomic fuel reprocessing plant assigned to prepare the fuel and fill precipitation! Nuclear radiation accident in 1986, many improvements have been made in nuclear fuel plant in Tokaimura then! Refrigeración que rodea el tanque de sedimentación, después de lo cual se detuvo two fatalities of Tokaimura nuclear?. Nuclear physics as the accidents occurred in a Dōnen atomic fuel reprocessing plant whom... Dose ) of gamma radiation their safety analysis files power point presentation case failure of mura...

E8 Lattice Monster Voice Of God, Scrap Metal Collection Preston, How To Play Guitar Hero Metallica Without Microphone Ps3, Franco Sarto Wedges Closed Toe, Jansport Backpack Size In Inches, Skechers Slingback Orthopedic Slide Sport Sandals, Tissot Seastar Vintage Ladies, Ghost Recon Wildlands Weapon Stats Explained, Holiday Cookie Background,